P. Yee
SPYRUS
W. Nace
NSA
February 2000
Encryption using KEA and SKIPJACK
Status of this Memo
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This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
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Copyright © The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
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This document defines a method to encrypt a file transfer using the FTP specification STD 9, RFC 959, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)", (October 1985) [3] and RFC 2228, "FTP Security Extensions" (October 1997) [1]. This method will use the Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) to give mutual authentication and establish the data encryption keys. SKIPJACK is used to encrypt file data and the FTP command channel.
1.0 Introduction
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The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides no protocol security except for a user authentication password which is transmitted in the clear. In addition, the protocol does not protect the file transfer session beyond the original authentication phase.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Common Authentication Technology (CAT) Working Group has proposed security extensions to FTP. These extensions allow the protocol to use more flexible security schemes, and in particular allows for various levels of protection for the FTP command and data connections. This document describes a profile for the FTP Security Extensions by which these mechanisms may be provisioned using the Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) in conjunction with the SKIPJACK symmetric encryption algorithm.
FTP Security Extensions [1] provides:
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- user authentication -- augmenting the normal password mechanism;
- server authentication -- normally done in conjunction with user authentication;
* session parameter negotiation -- in particular, encryption keys and attributes; * command connection protection -- integrity, confidentiality, or both;-
- data transfer protection -- same as for command connection protection.
In order to support the above security services, the two FTP entities negotiate a mechanism. This process is open-ended and completes when both entities agree on an acceptable mechanism or when the initiating party (always the client) is unable to suggest an agreeable mechanism. Once the entities agree upon a mechanism, they may commence authentication and/or parameter negotiation.
Authentication and parameter negotiation occur within an unbounded series of exchanges. At the completion of the exchanges, the entities will either be authenticated (unilateral or mutually), and may, additionally, be ready to protect FTP commands and data.
Following the exchanges, the entities negotiate the size of the buffers they will use in protecting the commands and data that follow. This process is accomplished in two steps: the client offers a suggested buffer size and the server may either refuse it, counter it, or accept it.
At this point, the entities may issue protected commands within the bounds of the parameters negotiated through the security exchanges. Protected commands are issued by applying the protection services required to the normal commands and Base64 encoding the results. The encoded results are sent as the data field within a ENC (integrity and confidentiality) command. Base64 is an encoding for mapping binary data onto a textual character set that is able to pass through most 7-bit systems without loss. The server sends back responses in new result codes which allow the identical protections and Base64 encoding to be applied to the results. Protection of the data transfers can be specified via the PROT command which supports the same protections as those afforded the other FTP commands. PROT commands may be sent on a transfer-by-transfer basis, however, the session parameters may not be changed within a session.
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2.0 Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) Profile
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This paper profiles KEA with SKIPJACK to achieve certain security services when used in conjunction with the FTP Security Extensions framework. FTP entities may use KEA to give mutual authentication and establish data encryption keys. We specify a simple token format and set of exchanges to deliver these services. Functions that may be performed by the Fortezza Crypto Card.
The reader should be familiar with the extensions in order to understand the protocol steps that follow. In the context of the FTP Security Extensions, we suggest the usage of KEA with SKIPJACK for authentication, integrity, and confidentiality.
A client may mutually authenticate with a server. What follows are the protocol steps necessary to perform KEA authentication under the FTP Security Extensions framework. Where failure modes are encountered, the return codes follow those specified in the Extensions. They are not enumerated in this document as they are invariant among the mechanisms used. The certificates are ASN.1 encoded.
The exchanges detailed below presume a working knowledge of the FTP Security Extensions. The notation for concatenation is " || ". Decryption of encrypted data and certification path validation is implicitly assumed, but is not shown.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Client Server
AUTH KEA-SKIPJACK -->
<-- 334 ADAT=Base64( Certb || Rb )
ADAT Base64( Certa || Ra ||
WMEK || IV || Encrypt(
Label-Type || Label-Length ||
Label-List || pad || ICV ) ) -->
<-- 235 ADAT=Base64( IV )
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1
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The server and client certificates contain KEA public keys. The client and server use KEA to generate a shared SKIPJACK symmetric key, called the TEK. The client uses the random number generator to create a second SKIPJACK key, called the MEK. The MEK is wrapped in the TEK for transfer to the server. An initialization vector (IV) associated with the MEK is generated by the client and transferred to the server. A list of security labels that the client wants to use for this FTP session may be transferred to the server encrypted in the MEK. As shown in Figure 2, the security label data is formatted as a one octet type value, a four octet label length, the security label list, padding, followed by an eight octet integrity check value (ICV). Figure 3 lists the label types. If the label type is absent (value of zero length), then the label size must be zero.
In order to ensure that the length of the plain text is a multiple of the cryptographic block size, padding shall be performed as follows. The input to the SKIPJACK CBC encryption process shall be padded to a multiple of 8 octets. Let n be the length in octets of the input. Pad the input by appending 8 - (n mod 8) octets to the end of the message, each having the value 8 - (n mod 8), the number of octets being added. In hexadecimal, he possible pad strings are: 01, 0202, 030303, 04040404, 0505050505, 060606060606, 07070707070707, and 0808080808080808. All input is padded with 1 to 8 octets to produce a multiple of 8 octets in length. This pad technique is used whenever SKIPJACK CBC encryption is performed.
An ICV is calculated over the plaintext security label and padding. The ICV algorithm used is the 32-bit one's complement addition of each 32-bit block followed by 32 zero bits. This ICV technique is used in conjunction with SKIPJACK CBC encryption to provide data integrity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Label Type 1 Octet Label Length 4 octets Label List variable length Pad 1 to 8 octets ICV 8 octets --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Label Type Label Syntax Reference 0 Absent Not applicable 1 MSP SDN.701[2] 2-255 Reserved for Future Use To Be Determined --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 3FTP command channel operations are now confidentiality protected. To provide integrity, the command sequence number, padding, and ICV are appended to each command prior to encryption.
Sequence integrity is provided by using a 16-bit sequence number which is incremented for each command. The sequence number is initialized with the least significant 16-bits of Ra. The server response will include the same sequence number as the client command.
An ICV is calculated over the individual commands (including the carriage return and line feed required to terminate commands), the sequence number, and pad.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Client Server ENC Base64(Encrypt("PBSZ 65535" || SEQ || pad || ICV )) --> <-- 632 Base64(Encrypt("200" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) ENC Base64(Encrypt("USER yee" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) --> <-- 632 Base64(Encrypt("331" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) ENC Base64(Encrypt("PASS fortezza" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) --> <-- 631 Base64(Sign("230")) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 4After decryption, both parties verifying the integrity of the PBSZ commands by checking for the expected sequence number and correct ICV. The correct SKIPJACK key calculation, ICV checking, and the validation of the certificates containing the KEA public keys provides mutual identification and authentication.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Client Server ENC Base64(Encrypt("PROT P" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) --> <-- 632 Base64(Encrypt("200" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 5At this point, files may be sent or received with encryption and integrity services in use. If encryption is used, then the first buffer will contain the token followed by enough encrypted file octets to completely fill the buffer (unless the file is too short to fill the buffer). Subsequent buffers contain only encrypted file octets. All buffers are completely full except the final buffer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Client Server ENC Base64(Encrypt( ("RETR foo.bar") || SEQ || pad || ICV)) --> <-- 632 Base64(Encrypt("150" || SEQ || pad || ICV)) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 6The next figure shows the header information and the file data.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Plaintext Token IV 24 octets WMEK 12 octets Hashvalue 20 octets IV 24 octets Label Type 1 octets Label Length 4 octets Label Label Length octets Pad 1 to 8 octets ICV 8 octets --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 7
2.1 Pre-encrypted File Support
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In order to support both on-the-fly encryption and pre-encrypted files, a token is defined for carrying a file encryption key (FEK). To prevent truncation and ensure file integrity, the token also includes a hash computed on the complete file. The token also contains the security label associate with the file. This FEK is wrapped in the session TEK. The token is encrypted in the session TEK using SKIPJACK CBC mode. The token contains a 12 octet wrapped FEK, a 20 octet file hash, a 24 octet file IV, a 1 octet label type, a 4 octet label length, a variable length label value, a one to 8 octet pad, and an 8 octet ICV. The first 24 octets of the token are the plaintext IV used to encrypt the remainder of the token. The token requires its own encryption IV because it is transmitted across the data channel, not the command channel, and ordering between the channels cannot be guaranteed. Storage of precomputed keys and hashes for files in the file system is a local implementation matter; however, it is suggested that if a file is pre-encrypted, then the FEK be wrapped in a local storage key. When the file is needed, the FEK is unwrapped using the local storage key, and then rewrapped in the session TEK. Figure 8 shows the assembled token.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Plaintext Token IV 24 octets Wrapped FEK 12 octets Hashvalue 20 octets IV 24 octets Label Type 1 octet Label Length 4 octets Label Label Length octets Pad 1 to 8 octets ICV 8 octets --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 8
3.0 Table of Key Terminology
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In order to clarify the usage of various keys in this protocol, Figure 9 summarizes key types and their usage:
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Key Type Usage TEK Encryption of token at the beginning of each file, also wraps the MEK and the FEK MEK Encryption of command channel FEK Encryption of the file itself (may be done out of scope of FTP) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 9
4.0 Security Considerations
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This entire memo is about security mechanisms. For KEA to provide the authentication and key management discussed, the implementation must protect the private key from disclosure. For SKIPJACK to provide the confidentiality discussed, the implementation must protect the shared symmetric keys from disclosure.
5.0 Acknowledgements
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We would like to thank Todd Horting for insights gained during implementation of this specification.
6.0 References
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[1] Horowitz, M. and S. Lunt, "FTP Security Extensions", RFC 2228, October 1997. [2] Message Security Protocol 4.0 (MSP), Revision A. Secure Data Network System (SDNS) Specification, SDN.701, February 6, 1997. [3] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol", STD 9, RFC 959, October 1985.
7.0 Authors' Addresses
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Russell Housley
SPYRUS
381 Elden Street
Suite 1120
Herndon, VA 20170
USAPhone: +1 703 707-0696 EMail: housley@spyrus.com
Peter Yee
SPYRUS
5303 Betsy Ross Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95054
USAPhone: +1 408 327-1901 EMail: yee@spyrus.com
8.0 Full Copyright Statement
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Copyright © The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
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Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.